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General strikes in Belgium
The Belgian general strikes were a peculiar phenomenon of the social, economical and political life in Belgium due to huge concentrations of workers in such Belgian cities as Ghent and Antwerp, and particularly in Wallonia, namely Charleroi and Liège but also in other places of the Walloon Sillon industriel, e.g. the Centre and the Borinage, etc. On 4 May 1869, Karl Marx thought that ''In some great military states of continental Europe, the era of strikes may be dated from the end of American Civil War''〔''Marx and Engels on the Trade Unions.'' Edited with an introduction and notes, by Kenneth Lapides, Originally published, Praeger, New York, 1987, p. 69 ISBN 0-7178-0676-6〕 And according to some authors, Belgium was likely the first industrial country - or at least one of the first ones - where a general strike succeeded, the Belgian general strike of 1893.〔Serge Deruette, ''L'organisation ouvrière en Belgique'', in ''Critique politique'', nummer 6, September 1980, pp. 67-85〕〔French C'est en Belgique que se produisirent les premières grèves de masses avec des buts politiques'' in ''Cahiers marxistes'', nummer 2, June 1969, p. 47.〕 Marcel Liebman quoted César de Paepe who wrote in 1890: '' The general strike that formerly seemed a utopia, will be possible in Belgium...''.〔César de Paepe, ''Le suffrage universel et la capacité politique de la Classe ouvrière'', Gand, 1890, p. 9. quoted by Marcel Liebman ''Les socialistes belges (1885-1914)'', Editions Vie Ouvrière, Bruxelles, 1979, p. 83. ISBN 2-87003-135-1〕 Carl Strikwerda wrote that the Belgian general strike of 1893 was the first general strike in Europe 〔''In 1893 they (Socialists ) led a general strike of more than 200,000 strikers - the first general strike in Europe ...'' in ''A house divided: Catholics, Socialists, and Flemish nationalists in nineteenth-century Belgium'', Rowman & Littlefield, Laham, Oxford, 1997, p. 109, ISBN 0-8476-8526-8〕
== Myth or reality==
The English Chartists regarded the general strike as the mean to squeeze a general suffrage out of bourgeoisie and as the way to socialism. The First International proclaimed the strike of people against the war. The Geneva Congress of the International Alliance of Bakuninists stated the general strike was the main weapon of the proletariat, as well as the French syndicalists. But Paul Frölich wrote that in the same time there were actually general strikes in Belgium and for instance the Belgian general strike of 1893 for Universal suffrage which succeeded and opened the door of Parliament to representatives of the Belgian working class.〔Paul Frölich ''Rosa Luxemburg, ideas in action'', Pluto Press, London, 1994 (last translation in 1972, first published in Paris, 1939), p.139. ISBN 0-902818-19-8〕 This successful general strike was likely due to the Belgian Socialists, ''one of the most successful Socialists movements in the world'' '〔Carl Strikwerda, ''A house divided: Catholics, Socialists, and Flemish nationalists in nineteenth-century Belgium'', p. 109〕 This general strike for Carl Strikwerda was the first general strike in Europe, or, more accurately in a whole country in Europe even if it was as small country but the Second industrial power in proportions to its population and its territory.
Karl Marx was severe about the suppression of the strikes in Belgium, of course, before the Belgian general strike of 1893 :
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